Diabetes in Nigeria: Causes, Impact & Prevention Tips

Diabetes is silently rising across Nigeria, touching every community and family.

Understanding its causes, impact

 and how to prevent it is the first step toward a healthier future for all Nigerians.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that has become a major health concern worldwide, and Nigeria is no exception. Over the past few decades, the number of people living with diabetes in Nigeria has risen sharply, making it a growing public health challenge. This article explores the causes, impact, and practical prevention tips for diabetes in Nigeria, using simple language to help everyone understand the seriousness of the problem and how it can be tackled.

Understanding Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases that cause high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. The body needs insulin, a hormone, to help move glucose from the blood into the cells for energy. When the body does not produce enough insulin or cannot use it properly, glucose builds up in the blood, leading to diabetes.

There are three(3) main types:

• Type 1 Diabetes: The body does not produce insulin. This type is less common and often starts in childhood.
• Type 2 Diabetes: The body does not use insulin well. This is the most common type in Nigeria and usually develops in adults, but more young people are now affected.
• Gestational Diabetes: This type occurs during pregnancy and usually goes away after childbirth, but it increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later.

Diabetes can affect almost every part of the body, leading to serious health problems if not managed properly.

Prevalence and Trends in Nigeria

The number of people with diabetes in Nigeria has increased dramatically in recent years. Studies show that the prevalence of diabetes among adults in Nigeria ranges from 2% to 12%, depending on the region and study methods. The World Health Organization estimated a 4.3% prevalence in 2016, and local studies have found even higher rates in some areas. More than 90% of diabetes cases in Nigeria are type 2 diabetes. The south-south and south-western regions of Nigeria report higher rates, especially in urban areas where lifestyles are rapidly changing.

One major concern is the high number of undiagnosed cases. It is estimated that two-thirds of people with diabetes in Africa, including Nigeria, do not know they have the disease. This means millions may be living with diabetes without treatment, increasing their risk of complications.

10 Causes of Diabetes in Nigeria

Diabetes in Nigeria is driven by a combination of lifestyle, genetic, and environmental factors. The most significant causes and risk factors are outlined below:

1. Unhealthy Diet

• The adoption of diets high in refined carbohydrates, sugars, and unhealthy fats is a major contributor to rising diabetes rates in Nigeria. Consumption of processed foods and sugary drinks, often associated with urban living and westernization, increases the risk of developing diabetes.

2. Physical Inactivity

• Sedentary lifestyles, especially in urban areas, are a key cause of diabetes. Many Nigerians are moving away from physically demanding activities such as farming and walking, opting instead for jobs and lifestyles that involve prolonged sitting and minimal movement. This lack of exercise contributes to weight gain and insulin resistance.

3. Obesity and Overweight

• Obesity is a well-established risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The rise in overweight and obesity rates in Nigeria is linked to unhealthy eating habits and reduced physical activity. Excess body fat, particularly around the abdomen, increases the body’s resistance to insulin.

4. Urbanization and Lifestyle Changes

• Urbanization has led to significant lifestyle changes, including reduced physical activity and increased access to unhealthy foods. Studies show that diabetes prevalence is higher in urban areas compared to rural regions, largely due to these lifestyle shifts.

5. Family History and Genetics

• Having a family history of diabetes increases an individual’s risk. Genetics play a role, but environmental and lifestyle factors often trigger the onset of the disease in those who are genetically predisposed.

6. Advancing Age

• The risk of diabetes increases with age, particularly for people over 45 years old. This is due to age-related changes in the body’s ability to process glucose and increased likelihood of other risk factors such as obesity and hypertension.

7. High Blood Pressure and Other Health Conditions

• Hypertension (high blood pressure), high cholesterol, and other metabolic conditions are commonly associated with an increased risk of diabetes. These conditions often occur together and are linked to unhealthy lifestyles.

8. Alcohol and Tobacco Use

• Excessive alcohol intake and smoking are recognized risk factors for diabetes. These habits can worsen insulin resistance and contribute to other related health problems.

9. Socioeconomic Factors

• Poverty, limited access to healthcare, and lack of health education contribute to the diabetes burden in Nigeria. Many people are unaware of the disease or unable to afford preventive care and treatment, leading to late diagnosis and complications.

10. Stress and Mental Health

• Chronic stress and depression can affect glucose metabolism and increase the risk of developing diabetes. Urban living and economic pressures may contribute to higher stress levels among Nigerians

10 Major Causes of Diabetes in Nigeria

5 Impact of Diabetes in Nigeria

Diabetes has become a major health and socio-economic challenge in Nigeria, affecting individuals, families, and the nation as a whole. Its impact is seen in health complications, economic costs, social and psychological effects, and the strain it places on the healthcare system.

1. Health Complications and Mortality

• Diabetes leads to both acute and chronic complications. Acute emergencies, such as severe high blood sugar (hyperglycemic emergencies), account for about 40% of diabetes-related hospital admissions and are associated with high fatality rates.
• Chronic complications are common and severe. These include:
  • Diabetic foot ulcers: Affecting up to 25% of new diabetes cases, with a high in-hospital mortality rate of 43%.
  • Kidney failure (diabetic nephropathy): Diabetes is now a leading cause of chronic kidney disease in Nigeria, often requiring expensive renal replacement therapy.
  • Cardiovascular diseases: Stroke and peripheral artery disease are reported in 11% and 37% of people with diabetes in hospital settings, respectively. Diabetes also contributes to heart failure.
  • Blindness: Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of adult blindness. Between 15% and 55% of diabetic patients are affected, and they are also more likely to develop cataracts and glaucoma.
• Diabetes increases the risk of infections such as tuberculosis and pneumonia, and can worsen outcomes in people with other communicable diseases.
• The disease is a significant cause of death. In 2015, diabetes killed more than 40,000 Nigerians, a figure likely underestimated due to underdiagnosis and lack of national registries.

2. Economic Burden

• The cost of managing diabetes is high and mostly paid out-of-pocket by patients. The average monthly cost for anti-diabetic drugs ranges from ₦1,900 to ₦7,000, not including costs for hospital visits, tests, or managing complications.
• Direct medical costs (medication, hospital care) account for the majority of the economic burden, but indirect costs such as lost productivity due to illness or premature death are also substantial.
• Many households face food insecurity and financial hardship due to the ongoing costs of diabetes care.

3. Social and Psychological Effects

• Diabetes affects physical health, psychological well-being, and social relationships. Patients may experience stress, anxiety, depression, and reduced quality of life.
• Stigma, cultural misconceptions, and lack of awareness can lead to poor disease management and social isolation.
• Only a small percentage of patients report having enough money to meet their monthly needs, highlighting the financial pressure diabetes places on families.

4. Healthcare System Strain

• Diabetes is one of the most common reasons for admission to tertiary hospitals in Nigeria, placing a significant burden on healthcare resources.
• The high prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes (up to two-thirds of cases) means many people present late, often with complications that are more difficult and expensive to treat.
• There is limited access to essential diabetes care, including blood glucose monitoring devices and specialized healthcare professionals.

5. Broader Societal Impact

• Diabetes competes for limited healthcare resources with other diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, further straining Nigeria’s health system.
• The increasing prevalence of diabetes, especially in urban areas, signals a shift in disease patterns and highlights the need for urgent public health action

Challenges in Diabetes Management

Managing diabetes in Nigeria faces several obstacles:

• Healthcare System Limitations: There is a shortage of trained health professionals, and many health centers lack the equipment needed for proper diagnosis and treatment.
• Lack of Awareness and Education: Many people do not know the symptoms of diabetes or the importance of regular checkups.
• Cultural Beliefs and Stigma: Some people believe diabetes is caused by curses or eating too much sugar, leading to secrecy and poor treatment adherence.
• Access to Diagnosis and Treatment: Many Nigerians, especially in rural areas, cannot afford or access blood sugar testing and medicines.
• Rural vs. Urban Disparities: Urban areas have higher rates of diabetes but also better access to care. Rural areas have fewer cases but much less access to diagnosis and treatment.

10 Symptoms of Diabetes

Diabetes often develops gradually, and symptoms can vary from person to person. Some people may not notice any symptoms at all, especially in the early stages. However, common signs that may indicate diabetes include:

• Frequent urination: Needing to urinate more often than usual, including waking up at night to urinate, as the body tries to get rid of excess sugar through urine.
• Increased thirst: Feeling very thirsty because of the loss of fluids through frequent urination.
• Increased hunger: Feeling hungry all the time, even after eating, because the body’s cells are not getting enough sugar for energy.
• Unexplained weight loss: Losing weight without trying, as the body starts to break down fat and muscle for energy since it cannot use sugar properly.
• Fatigue and weakness: Feeling tired and low on energy, since the body cannot use glucose efficiently for fuel.
• Blurred vision: High blood sugar affects the fluid in the eyes, causing vision to become blurry.
• Slow healing of wounds or sores: Cuts, wounds, or sores may take longer to heal and can become infected more easily.
• Tingling or numbness in hands or feet: High blood sugar can damage nerves, leading to tingling, numbness, or pain, especially in the hands and feet.
• Frequent infections: People with diabetes are more prone to infections, such as urinary tract infections, skin infections, or yeast infections.
• Dry, itchy skin and dry mouth: High blood sugar can cause dehydration, leading to dry skin and mouth.

Additional Symptoms

• In men: Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction, and poor muscle strength.
• In women: Vaginal dryness, increased risk of urinary tract and yeast infections, and dry, itchy skin.
• Gestational diabetes: Usually has no symptoms, but may cause increased thirst or urination in rare cases.

Important Notes

• Symptoms of type 1 diabetes often develop quickly, over days or weeks, and are usually more severe.
• Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop slowly over several years and can be mild or unnoticed at first.
• Not everyone with diabetes will have all these symptoms. Some people may have no symptoms until complications develop.

If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to see a healthcare professional for testing and early management. Early detection and treatment can help prevent serious complications.

7 Diabetes Prevention in Nigeria

Diabetes prevention in Nigeria is crucial due to the rising rates of the disease, especially in urban areas. Prevention strategies focus on lifestyle changes, community education, and early detection, using both local resources and nationwide initiatives.

1. Healthy Diet and Nutrition

• Increase Fiber and Whole Grains: Nigerian foods such as Ofada rice, whole grain millet, guinea corn, beans, and legumes are rich in fiber and have a low glycemic index, helping to keep blood sugar levels stable. Including more green leafy vegetables like Ugu, Ewedu, and spinach in meals also supports blood sugar control.
• Reduce Sugar and Refined Carbs: Limiting the intake of sugary drinks, processed foods, and refined carbohydrates is essential for preventing diabetes.
• Minimize Processed Foods: Focusing on traditional, minimally processed Nigerian foods and snacks, such as roasted plantain instead of packaged snacks, can reduce diabetes risk.

2. Regular Physical Activity

• Exercise and Active Living: Engaging in regular physical activity, such as brisk walking, dancing, gardening, or traditional chores like sweeping and farming, helps maintain a healthy weight and improves insulin sensitivity. Even daily activities like trekking, bush clearing, and manual farming are beneficial.
• Community Exercise Events: Initiatives like “Walk for Life” and school-based exercise sessions promote active lifestyles among youth and adults.

3. Weight Management

• Control Body Weight: Maintaining a healthy weight is one of the most effective ways to prevent type 2 diabetes. Even modest weight loss can significantly reduce risk.
• Monitor Body Mass Index (BMI): Community screening programs often include BMI checks to identify those at risk and provide targeted advice.

4. Health Education and Awareness

• School and Community Programs: Health education campaigns in schools and communities teach the importance of healthy eating, physical activity, and regular checkups. Workshops, cooking demonstrations, and group discussions are effective tools.
• Media Campaigns: Radio jingles, TV interviews, and print articles raise public awareness about diabetes prevention and the link between lifestyle and disease.
• Training Health Workers: Improving the knowledge and skills of healthcare workers ensures better prevention advice and early intervention for those at risk.

5. Early Screening and Regular Checkups

• Routine Blood Sugar Testing: Regular screening for blood sugar levels, especially for those over 40 or with risk factors like obesity or family history, can detect diabetes early and prevent complications.
• School and Community Screenings: Many prevention projects include screening programs for students, teachers, and parents to identify at-risk individuals and refer them for further care.

6. Lifestyle Modifications

• Avoid Smoking and Limit Alcohol: Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption increase diabetes risk. Quitting smoking and moderating alcohol intake are important preventive steps.
• Stress Management: Reducing stress through social support, relaxation, and community engagement can help regulate blood sugar and lower diabetes risk.

7. Policy and Community Involvement

• Government and NGO Initiatives: Collaborative projects involving ministries of health and education, NGOs, and local leaders help spread prevention messages and organize community outreach.
• Behaviour Change Communication: Training peer educators, teachers, and community volunteers to promote healthy lifestyles increases the reach and impact of prevention efforts.

Diabetes Prevention Actions in Nigeria

Role of Government and Policy

The Nigerian government has a big role to play in fighting diabetes:

• National Diabetes Policy: There is a need for a strong national policy on diabetes care and prevention, including funding for research, screening, and treatment.
• Public Health Education: Large-scale campaigns can help raise awareness about diabetes, its symptoms, and prevention methods.
• Improving Healthcare Access: Expanding health insurance, training more health workers, and improving rural health centers can help more Nigerians get the care they need

Community and Family Involvement

Communities and families are key in supporting people with diabetes and preventing new cases:

• Support Groups: Community groups can provide education, encouragement, and help with managing diabetes.
• Family Education: Families should learn about healthy cooking, the importance of exercise, and how to support loved ones with diabetes.

Some communities in Nigeria have started programs to promote healthy eating and regular exercise, with positive results. For example, local health workers in some areas teach people how to cook traditional foods in healthier ways and organize group walks or dances. These small changes can make a big difference in preventing diabetes.

To reduce the burden of diabetes in Nigeria, the following steps are recommended:

• More Research: Better data is needed to understand the true scale of diabetes and what works best for prevention and treatment.
• Policy Improvements: The government should make diabetes a top health priority and invest in prevention, education, and care.
• Empowering Individuals: People need the knowledge and resources to make healthy choices and get regular checkups.

Conclusion

Diabetes is a growing health problem in Nigeria, causing serious illness and death. The main causes are unhealthy lifestyles, urbanization, and lack of awareness. The impact is felt in families, communities, and the economy. However, most cases can be prevented by eating healthy foods, staying active, managing weight, and getting regular checkups. With support from the government, communities, and families, Nigeria can reduce the burden of diabetes and help people live healthier lives